Statistics · Updated October 31, 2026

Drunk Driving Statistics 2026

Includes NHTSA's 2024 crash data, released June 2026, and FBI arrest data for 2025

  • 76statistics
  • 27sources from 12 publishers
  • Checkedevery figure against its original source
  • FreeCSV download and ready-made citations

Compiled by the RevRated research desk from NHTSA, the FBI, SAMHSA, the CDC and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety data.

11,904 people died in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes in the United States in 2024, 30% of all traffic deaths, according to NHTSA. That is one death every 44 minutes. Alcohol-impaired means a driver at .08 BAC or higher, a different count from any alcohol involvement or from arrests. Each statistic below says which one it measures.

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Key findings

  1. 11,904

    11,904 people were killed in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes (a driver at BAC .08 or higher) in the United States in 2024, according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) · 2024 data

    Details
  2. 44 minutes

    On average, one person died in an alcohol-impaired-driving crash every 44 minutes in the United States in 2024, according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) · 2024 data

    Details
  3. 41%

    Vermont had the highest share of traffic deaths in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes in 2024 at 41%, followed by South Carolina and Texas at 40% each, according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: State Alcohol-Impaired-Driving Estimates (DOT HS 813 813) · 2024 data

    Details
  4. 28%

    Drivers aged 21 to 24 had the highest rate of alcohol impairment of any age group in fatal crashes in 2024: 28% (1,339 of 4,800) were at BAC .08 or higher, according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) · 2024 data

    Details
  5. 3 times

    Drivers in fatal crashes in 2024 were three times as likely to be alcohol-impaired at night as during the day (31% versus 10%), according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) · 2024 data

    Details
  6. 68%

    68% (8,097) of the 11,904 alcohol-impaired-driving deaths in 2024 happened in crashes where at least one driver had a BAC of .15 or higher, according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) · 2024 data

    Details
  7. 221

    An estimated 221 children 14 and younger died in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes in 2024, 21% of the 1,032 children killed in traffic crashes that year, according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) · 2024 data

    Details
  8. 798,563

    Police in the United States made an estimated 798,563 arrests for driving under the influence in 2025, according to the FBI's national arrest estimates.

    Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Crime in the United States 2025, Persons Arrested tables (Crime Data Explorer download), Table 29: Estimated Number of Arrests, United States, 2025 · 2025 data

    Details
  9. 14.2 million

    About 14.2 million people aged 16 and older drove under the influence of alcohol at least once in the past year in 2024, according to SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health (RevRated calculation converting SAMHSA's figure in thousands).

    Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2024 NSDUH Detailed Tables, Table 8.30A (RevRated calculation, unit conversion) · 2024 data

    Details
  10. $58 billion

    Alcohol-impaired-driving crashes (a driver or nonoccupant at .08 g/dL or higher) cost the U.S. an estimated $58 billion in economic costs in 2019, out of $340 billion for all crashes, in 2019 dollars, according to NHTSA.

    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) · 2019 data

    Details
  11. 26%

    State laws requiring ignition interlocks for all impaired-driving offenders cut the number of drivers with a BAC of 0.08% or higher involved in fatal crashes by 26% compared with having no interlock law, according to a national IIHS study (Teoh et al., 2021).

    Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Alcohol and drugs research area (Teoh et al., 2021) · 2021 data

    Details

How many people die from drunk driving each year?

NHTSA counts a death as drunk driving (alcohol-impaired driving) when at least one driver in the crash had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08 g/dL or higher. The person who died can be the drunk driver, a passenger, another motorist or a pedestrian.

Are drunk driving deaths going up or down?

Deaths in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes jumped in 2020 and 2021 and have fallen for three straight years since, but 2024 was still well above the level of the late 2010s. All figures below come from one NHTSA table, so the years are directly comparable.

People killed in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes (a driver at BAC .08 or higher), United States, 2015 to 2024. 2015 to 2023 from FARS final files, 2024 from the FARS 2024 Annual Report File.
0 5K 10K 15K 2015 10,280 2017 2019 2021 13,599 2024 11,904 0 5K 10K 15K 2015 10,280 2018 2021 13,599 2024 11,904

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815), Figure 1. Chart: RevRated, free to reuse with a link to this page.

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201510,280
201610,967
201710,880
201810,710
201910,196
202011,727
202113,599
202213,458
202312,382
202411,904

Drunk driving deaths by state

NHTSA estimates alcohol-impaired-driving deaths (a driver at .08 g/dL or higher) for every state from FARS crash records. NHTSA itself warns that states test drivers for alcohol at very different rates, so compare states with care.

States with the most deaths in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes, 2024
  • Texas 1,676
  • California 1,311
  • Florida 769
  • N. Carolina 449
  • Ohio 424
  • Arizona 419
  • S. Carolina 417
  • Illinois 338
  • Tennessee 332
  • Georgia 325

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: State Alcohol-Impaired-Driving Estimates (DOT HS 813 813). Chart: RevRated, free to reuse with a link to this page.

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Texas1,676
California1,311
Florida769
N. Carolina449
Ohio424
Arizona419
S. Carolina417
Illinois338
Tennessee332
Georgia325
Deaths in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes (driver BAC .08+ g/dL) by state, 2024, sorted by deaths. Source: NHTSA, DOT HS 813 813, Tables 2 and 10. State figures are rounded estimates and may not sum to the U.S. total of 11,904.
StateAlcohol-impaired-driving deaths, 2024Share of state traffic deaths, 2024All traffic deaths, 2024Share of state traffic deaths, 2015
Texas1,67640%4,16039%
California1,31134%3,87627%
Florida76924%3,13827%
North Carolina44928%1,61928%
Ohio42437%1,15728%
Arizona41934%1,22930%
South Carolina41740%1,03831%
Illinois33829%1,17731%
Tennessee33228%1,19726%
Georgia32523%1,40325%
Michigan30628%1,09828%
New York30027%1,10128%
Pennsylvania29026%1,12730%
Alabama27729%96229%
Missouri26327%95525%
Virginia25227%91727%
Washington23933%73026%
Oklahoma22535%64526%
Indiana20925%83221%
Colorado20430%68928%
Wisconsin19733%59533%
Louisiana19225%75232%
Oregon17833%53835%
Mississippi17123%75325%
Kentucky16924%70725%
Maryland16729%57830%
Arkansas15426%60329%
New Jersey15022%67019%
Nevada13833%41730%
Iowa11933%35624%
Kansas11735%33923%
New Mexico11528%40933%
Minnesota10923%47728%
Connecticut10534%31037%
Massachusetts10027%36331%
West Virginia7830%25627%
Montana7537%20634%
Nebraska7530%25126%
Utah7326%27716%
Idaho7230%23833%
Maine4928%17732%
South Dakota4330%14633%
New Hampshire3929%13328%
Hawaii3434%10239%
Wyoming3432%10738%
Delaware3226%12630%
North Dakota2730%9039%
Vermont2441%5926%
Rhode Island1937%5242%
District of Columbia1429%4729%
Alaska1319%7034%

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: State Alcohol-Impaired-Driving Estimates (DOT HS 813 813)

Who drives drunk?

These figures count drivers in fatal crashes, whether they survived or not, and show what share of each group was alcohol-impaired (BAC .08 or higher). Young adults, men and motorcycle riders have the highest rates.

Drivers in U.S. fatal crashes in 2024 (killed or survived) and the share who were alcohol-impaired (BAC .08 or higher), by age group. All ages includes drivers of unknown age. Source: NHTSA, DOT HS 813 815, Table 2.
Age groupDrivers in fatal crashesAlcohol-impaired driversShare alcohol-impaired
15-204,87398920%
21-244,8001,33928%
25-3411,2192,98227%
35-449,6652,23223%
45-547,6731,48519%
55-647,1861,17916%
65-744,78458812%
75+3,7002737%
All ages55,62011,36720%

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815)

When do drunk driving crashes happen?

Drunk driving is concentrated at night and on weekends. NHTSA defines night as 6 p.m. to 5:59 a.m. and the weekend as 6 p.m. Friday to 5:59 a.m. Monday. Holiday figures come from NHTSA's campaign pages and use each holiday's own time window.

Share of drivers in U.S. fatal crashes who were alcohol-impaired (BAC .08 or higher), by time of day and day of week, 2024. Day is 6 a.m. to 5:59 p.m.; night is 6 p.m. to 5:59 a.m.; weekend is 6 p.m. Friday to 5:59 a.m. Monday.
  • All daytime 10%
  • All nighttime 31%
  • Weekday day 8%
  • Weekday night 26%
  • Weekend day 14%
  • Weekend night 35%

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815), Table 3. Chart: RevRated, free to reuse with a link to this page.

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All daytime10%
All nighttime31%
Weekday day8%
Weekday night26%
Weekend day14%
Weekend night35%

How drunk are drivers in fatal crashes?

Most drivers with alcohol in their system who are involved in a fatal crash are far above the .08 legal limit. NHTSA reports .15 as the single most common BAC recorded among drinking drivers in fatal crashes.

U.S. traffic deaths in 2024 by the highest driver BAC in the crash. The alcohol rows overlap: BAC .01+ includes .08+, and .08+ includes .15+. Source: NHTSA, DOT HS 813 815, Table 4.
Highest driver BAC in crashDeaths, 2024Share of all traffic deaths
No alcohol (.00)25,24564%
Any alcohol (.01 or higher)13,93235%
Alcohol-impaired (.08 or higher)11,90430%
High BAC (.15 or higher)8,09721%
All traffic deaths39,254100%

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815)

Who dies in drunk driving crashes

Most people killed in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes are the impaired drivers themselves, but nearly four in ten are someone else: their passengers, people in other vehicles, or people on foot or on bikes.

People killed in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes by role, 2024 (% of 11,904)
  • Impaired driver 61%
  • Their passenger 12%
  • Other vehicle 16%
  • Nonoccupant 11%

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815). Chart: RevRated, free to reuse with a link to this page.

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Impaired driver61%
Their passenger12%
Other vehicle16%
Nonoccupant11%

How many DUI arrests are there each year?

Police make roughly 800,000 DUI arrests a year, according to FBI estimates. Arrest counts include drug-impaired driving, count arrests rather than people, and changed method after the FBI's 2021 move to incident-based reporting.

Estimated DUI arrests in the United States, 2015–2025. Each point is the FBI's estimate for that year: 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019 from Crime in the United States Table 29 and 2016 from Table 18 on ucr.fbi.gov; 2020 and 2022–2025 from Table 29 in the Crime Data Explorer Persons Arrested downloads. The FBI produced no 2021 estimate. From 2022 on, the FBI also accepted summary-format data from agencies that had not yet switched to incident-based (NIBRS) reporting.
0 500K 1M 1.5M 2015 1,089,171 2017 2019 2022 2025 798,563 0 500K 1M 1.5M 2015 1,089,171 2018 2022 2025 798,563

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Crime in the United States, Estimated Number of Arrests (Table 29; Table 18 for 2016), 2015–2025. Chart: RevRated, free to reuse with a link to this page.

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20151,089,171
20161,017,808
2017990,678
20181,001,329
20191,024,508
2020778,906
2022788,402
2023805,581
2024804,926
2025798,563
DUI arrests by age group, 2025, from 14,108 agencies reporting to the FBI (RevRated grouping and percentages from FBI Table 38; shares may not sum to exactly 100 because of rounding).
Age groupDUI arrestsShare of DUI arrests
Under 2141,6835.9%
21 to 2489,91012.7%
25 to 34218,43630.8%
35 to 44171,11624.1%
45 to 54100,09114.1%
55 to 6460,6698.6%
65 and over27,0283.8%
All ages708,933100%

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Crime in the United States 2025, Persons Arrested tables (Crime Data Explorer download), Table 38: Arrests by Age, 2025

How often do people drive drunk by their own account?

Surveys show far more drunk driving than arrests capture. Two federal surveys measure it differently: SAMHSA counts people who drove impaired in the past year, while CDC counts trips adults report in the past 30 days.

Self-reported alcohol-impaired driving episodes among U.S. adults, in millions per year, 1999–2023 (CDC analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). CDC reports this measure for selected years, roughly every other year; 2023 is the latest.
  • 1999 159M
  • 2002 159M
  • 2004 124M
  • 2006 161M
  • 2008 131M
  • 2010 112M
  • 2012 121M
  • 2014 111M
  • 2016 186M
  • 2018 147M
  • 2020 127M
  • 2023 125M

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Impaired Driving Facts, Annual Self-reported Alcohol-impaired Driving Episodes Among U.S. Adults, 1993–2023. Chart: RevRated, free to reuse with a link to this page.

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1999159M
2002159M
2004124M
2006161M
2008131M
2010112M
2012121M
2014111M
2016186M
2018147M
2020127M
2023125M

Drugged driving statistics

Two kinds of data sit here and they measure different things. SAMHSA's national survey asks people whether they drove under the influence in the past year (self-reported, not crash data); NHTSA's trauma center study tested the blood of people injured or killed in crashes, which shows a substance was present, not that the person was impaired.

Seriously or fatally injured road users testing positive, by substance, 2019 to 2021 (NHTSA study)
  • Cannabis 25.1%
  • Alcohol 23.1%
  • Stimulants 10.8%
  • Opioids 9.3%
  • 2+ categories 19.9%

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Alcohol and Drug Prevalence Among Seriously or Fatally Injured Road Users (DOT HS 813 399). Chart: RevRated, free to reuse with a link to this page.

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Cannabis25.1%
Alcohol23.1%
Stimulants10.8%
Opioids9.3%
2+ categories19.9%

What drunk driving costs

NHTSA's newest crash cost study covers 2019 and reports every figure in 2019 dollars. Economic cost counts tangible losses such as medical bills, lost productivity and property damage; comprehensive cost adds the value of lost quality of life.

What works to stop drunk driving?

Ignition interlocks, sobriety checkpoints, 0.08% BAC laws and the drinking age of 21 all have measured effects on crashes or re-arrests. Federal law also requires a future standard for drunk-driving prevention technology in new cars.

What the research says each measure does. Each figure is detailed, with its exact source, in the statistics above.
MeasureMeasured effectSource
Ignition interlocks (while installed)Re-arrests down a median 67%CPSTF review, 13 studies
Interlock laws covering all offendersDrivers at 0.08%+ BAC in fatal crashes down 26%IIHS, Teoh et al. 2021
Sobriety checkpoints (selective breath testing)Alcohol-related crash deaths down a median 8.9%CPSTF review, 10 studies
0.08% BAC lawsAlcohol-related crash deaths down a median 7%CPSTF review, 7 studies
Raising drinking age (mostly 18 to 21)Crash outcomes down a median 16%CPSTF review, 14 studies
Utah 0.05% BAC lawFatal crash rate down 19.8% (2016–2019) vs 5.6% nationallyNHTSA, DOT HS 813 233

Source: Community Preventive Services Task Force (The Community Guide); Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; NHTSA

Methodology

Most figures on this page come from NHTSA's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), a census of every fatal motor vehicle crash on U.S. public roads, as published in Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) and State Alcohol-Impaired-Driving Estimates (DOT HS 813 813), both released in mid-2026. NHTSA calls a crash alcohol-impaired when at least one driver (or, for some cost figures, a nonoccupant) had a blood alcohol concentration of .08 g/dL or higher, and alcohol-involved when any driver had a BAC of .01 or higher. We keep those two counts separate and say which one each figure uses. Only about a third of drivers in fatal crashes have a known BAC test result, so NHTSA estimates the missing values statistically; state figures are estimates for the same reason, and states test at very different rates.

Arrests and surveys measure different things from crash deaths. FBI arrest estimates count arrests (not people) for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, the FBI published no national estimate for 2021 after its switch to incident-based reporting, and from 2022 on it also accepted summary-format data from agencies that had not yet switched. SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health asks people 16 and older whether they drove under the influence in the past year; CDC's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System counts episodes adults report in the past 30 days and scales them to a year. Neither survey checks a BAC, and neither should be compared directly with arrest counts.

Holiday figures come from NHTSA's TrafficSafetyMarketing.gov campaign pages, which use each holiday's own time window (for example, 6 p.m. Wednesday to 5:59 a.m. Monday for Thanksgiving). The midnight to 3 a.m. figure is from IIHS's analysis of FARS and covers passenger vehicle drivers who were killed, not all drivers in fatal crashes. Drug figures from NHTSA's 2019 to 2021 trauma center study show that a substance was present in a person's blood, not that the person was impaired.

Cost figures come from NHTSA's crash cost study (Blincoe et al., 2023), which covers crashes in 2019 and reports everything in 2019 dollars, and from CDC, which reports its estimate in 2021 dollars. Prevention figures come from the Community Preventive Services Task Force's systematic reviews, NHTSA and IIHS evaluations, and federal law and Federal Register notices. Where we calculated a figure ourselves, such as a share or a per-day average, the statistic says "RevRated calculation" and the dataset shows the arithmetic. Every figure was checked against its source before publication.

Spot an error or a newer figure? Tell us and we will correct the page and note the change.

Cite this page

Free to quote, chart or link in articles, reports and coursework. Please credit the original source for each figure and link to this page as the compilation.

RevRated. (2026, October 31). Drunk Driving Statistics 2026. https://revrated.com/drunk-driving-statistics/

Frequently asked questions

How many people die from drunk driving each year?

11,904 people were killed in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes in the United States in 2024, according to NHTSA. That is about 32 people a day, or one death every 44 minutes. Counting crashes where a driver had any alcohol at all, the 2024 total was 13,932.

What percentage of traffic deaths involve drunk driving?

30% of the 39,254 U.S. traffic deaths in 2024 happened in crashes involving an alcohol-impaired driver (BAC .08 or higher), according to NHTSA. 35% involved a driver with any measurable alcohol (BAC .01 or higher).

Are drunk driving deaths going down?

Yes, for three years running. Deaths in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes peaked at 13,599 in 2021 and fell to 11,904 in 2024, including a 3.9% drop from 2023 to 2024. The 2024 total was still about 17% higher than the 10,196 deaths in 2019.

Which state has the most drunk driving deaths?

Texas had the most deaths in alcohol-impaired-driving crashes in 2024, an estimated 1,676, followed by California with 1,311, according to NHTSA. Vermont had the highest share of its traffic deaths tied to alcohol-impaired drivers (41%), and South Carolina had the highest rate per mile driven (0.67 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles).

What age group drives drunk the most?

Drivers aged 21 to 24 had the highest share of alcohol impairment among drivers in fatal crashes in 2024, at 28%, according to NHTSA. In SAMHSA's 2024 survey, adults aged 21 to 25 were also the most likely to say they had driven under the influence of alcohol (6.6%). People aged 25 to 34 made up the largest share of DUI arrests in 2025 (30.8%).

When do most drunk driving crashes happen?

At night and on weekends. In 2024, 31% of drivers in fatal crashes at night were alcohol-impaired, against 10% during the day, and the share reached 35% on weekend nights, according to NHTSA. An IIHS analysis found 61% of passenger vehicle drivers killed between midnight and 3 a.m. were at .08 BAC or higher.

How many people are arrested for DUI each year?

Police made an estimated 798,563 arrests for driving under the influence in 2025, according to the FBI. Far more people drive drunk than are arrested: about 14.2 million Americans aged 16 and older said they drove under the influence of alcohol in the past year in 2024, according to SAMHSA.

How much does drunk driving cost?

NHTSA estimates that alcohol-impaired-driving crashes cost $58 billion in economic losses in 2019, and $296 billion once lost quality of life is counted, both in 2019 dollars. Crashes involving any alcohol cost $68.9 billion in economic losses.

Sources

  1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Alcohol-Impaired Driving (DOT HS 813 815) crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov
  2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Drunk Driving (risky driving page) nhtsa.gov
  3. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: State Alcohol-Impaired-Driving Estimates (DOT HS 813 813) crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov
  4. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Fatality Facts 2024: Alcohol (analysis of NHTSA FARS data) iihs.org
  5. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), TrafficSafetyMarketing.gov, Winter Holidays: Drive Sober or Get Pulled Over trafficsafetymarketing.gov
  6. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), TrafficSafetyMarketing.gov, Thanksgiving: Buzzed Driving Is Drunk Driving trafficsafetymarketing.gov
  7. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), TrafficSafetyMarketing.gov, August/Labor Day: Drive Sober or Get Pulled Over trafficsafetymarketing.gov
  8. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), TrafficSafetyMarketing.gov, Fourth of July: Buzzed Driving Is Drunk Driving trafficsafetymarketing.gov
  9. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2024 Data: Pedestrians (DOT HS 813 818) crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov
  10. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Crime in the United States 2025, Persons Arrested tables (Crime Data Explorer download), Table 29: Estimated Number of Arrests, United States, 2025 cde.ucr.cjis.gov
  11. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2024 NSDUH Detailed Tables, Table 8.30A (RevRated calculation, unit conversion) samhsa.gov
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Impaired Driving Facts, chart: Annual Self-reported Alcohol-impaired Driving Episodes Among U.S. Adults, 1993–2023 (BRFSS) cdc.gov
  13. Barry V, Schumacher A, Sauber-Schatz E (CDC). Alcohol-impaired driving among adults, USA, 2014–2018. Injury Prevention 2022;28:211–217 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Alcohol and Drug Prevalence Among Seriously or Fatally Injured Road Users (DOT HS 813 399) nhtsa.gov
  15. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), The Economic and Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2019 (Revised) (DOT HS 813 403) crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov
  16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Impaired Driving Facts cdc.gov
  17. Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF), The Community Guide, Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Ignition Interlocks thecommunityguide.org
  18. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Alcohol and drugs research area (Teoh et al., 2021) iihs.org
  19. Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF), The Community Guide, Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Publicized Sobriety Checkpoint Programs thecommunityguide.org
  20. Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF), The Community Guide, Alcohol-Impaired Driving: 0.08% Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Laws thecommunityguide.org
  21. Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF), The Community Guide, Maintaining Current Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) Laws thecommunityguide.org
  22. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Lives Saved in 2017 by Restraint Use and Minimum-Drinking-Age Laws (DOT HS 812 683) crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov
  23. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Evaluation of Utah's .05 BAC Per Se Law (DOT HS 813 233) rosap.ntl.bts.gov
  24. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Utah's stricter alcohol limit linked to lasting drop in alcohol-related crashes (news release, October 27, 2026) iihs.org
  25. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Public Law 117-58, Section 24220 (GovInfo) govinfo.gov
  26. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Advanced Impaired Driving Prevention Technology, Advance notice of proposed rulemaking, Federal Register 89 FR 830 (January 5, 2024) federalregister.gov
  27. Community Preventive Services Task Force (The Community Guide); Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; NHTSA thecommunityguide.org

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